CORRELATION STUDIES IN EDUCATION

ABSTRACT This paper reviewed importance of correlation studies in educational research. The paper concluded that correlation is used to find relationship between variables, determined degree of association etc. and recommendation was made at the end of the paper. INTRODUCTION Correlational study is very important in research. This is obvious in the ways it has been used in researches today in sciences, education, engineering etc. correlational study is used to find relationships between variables, degree of relationships, association among parameters, existing influences between variables, determine the degree of freedom, variability in performance, strength of variations in strength of relationships. The correlation is one of the most common and most useful statistics. A correlation is a single number that describes the degree of relationship between two variables. IMPORTANCE OF CORRELATION Darko and Ansa-Asare (2009) cited the use of correlation to establish relationships and interactions between parameters. Correlation does not only used to find out relationship that exists between variables, it can also be used to determine the degree of relationships and variability between students’ performance in examination as opined by Oluwatayo (2007). Abe (2007) confirmed that correlation can be used to determine the strength of relationship between subjects and variations in strength of relationships of scores in subjects. Correlation is a good instrument to be used to analyse relationship between performances of students as observed by Ige (2007). Boampong, Acquah and Achiamaa (2009) used correlation to assess linear association among studied quantitative parameters. Boampong, Acqua, Sam-Awortwi and Ofori (2010) stated that correlation could be used to test for association among measured parameters. Correlation allows the researcher to investigate naturally occurring variables that maybe unethical or impractical to test experimentally. For example, it would be unethical to conduct an experiment on whether smoking causes lung cancer. Mcleod (2008) opined that correlation identifies variables and looks for a relationship between them. Correlation allows the researcher to clearly and easily see if there is a relationship between variables. This can then be displayed in a graphical form. The correlation is one of the most common and most useful statistics. He stressed further that correlation is a single number that describes the degree of relationship between two variables. Lanthier (2011) looked at correlation as a way to measure how associated or related two variables are. She explains further that in a correlational study, the researcher is measuring conditions that already exist and finding out in what way pairs of variables are related. Lanthier (2011) opined that the researcher looks at things that already exist and determines if and in what way those things are related to each other and that, purpose of doing correlations is to allow us to make a prediction about one variable based on what we know about another variable. She believed when we know there is a correlation between two variables, we can make a prediction. We can make predictions about things when we know about correlations. If two variables are correlated, we can predict one based on the other. Mcleod (2008) observed that an important area where correlation is widely used is in the study of intelligence where research has been carried out to test the strength of the association between the I.Q. levels of identical and non-identical twins. Correlation research is a form of analysis in which you correlate one variable with another to determine if there is a relationship between them. It is used as a first step prior to experimentation, when experiments cannot be conducted (for ethical or practical reasons). In correlation research you do not manipulate a variable, you gather information through: Observation, Surveys or Questionnaires, and Information Correlation is concerned with describing the degree of relationship between variables. Researchers can use one variable to make predictions about another variable, that correlation can be used to find interrelation between variables. Minium, King & Bear (1993) posited that correlation can be used mainly to determine the degree of association between variables, and also to make prediction about an event. To establish reliability of a test, for example, we would want to know the extent of initial performance on the same test at a subsequent time. Minium et al (1993) opined that correlation is used in determining the degree of association between two variables and predicting a person’s standing in associated variable. John and Arthur (1991) viewed that when two variables are examined for their correlation; it is usually for the purpose of predicting one of them. Most correlation studies are initiated based on the desire to examine and explain the changing value of this variable. Horst (1963) said correlation measures the co variation in the magnitude of two things. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Correlation is very important in educational research as it could be used to find out relationship between variables, determine degree of association, for prediction about one variable and strength of a relationship. Having reviewed role of correlation in educational research it is therefore suggested that institutions of learning should design a course especially for correlation study. This will help students to apply correlation statistics correctly in research.

REFERENCES Abe, T.O (2007). Skewness and Kurtosis of School- based – Assessment scoresAs determinants of the need for moderation. International Journal of Research in Education 4(1&2) 40-46 Boampong, J.N,Acquah, S & Achiamaa, A(2009). A Cross- Sectional Study Of Home-based Management of Malaria in Bakaano, a suburb of Cape Coast, Ghana: Recognition of Signs, Symptoms and Treatment Options. Journal of Ghana Science Association. 11(2)50-57 Boampong,J.N,Acquah, S,Sam-Awortwi, E.N & Ofori,M.F (2010). A PreliminaryStudy of Association of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate with Malaria-Specific Immunoglobulin G and Malaria-induced Anaemia. Journal of Ghana Science Association. 12(1)89-98 Darko,H.F&Ansa-Asare,O.D (2009). Chlorophyll-A, Concentrations in Relation to Water Quality and Trophic Status in the Weija Reservoir from 2005-2008. Journal of Ghana Science Association. 11(2)7I-81 Horst, P (1983). Matrix Algebra for Social Scientists, New York: Holt,Rinehart, and Winston. Ige, O.O (2007). Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between Students’Performance in English and Mathematics in some Selected Secondary Schools in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Education. 4(172)164-171

John, E. H & Arthur, G.R (1991). Linear Equations. Understanding business Statistics. USA. Richard, D. Irwin Inc. 450. Lanthier, E (2011). Correlation. Retrieved from http://www.nvcc.edu/home/elanthier/methods/correlation.html Mcleod, S (2008). Correlation. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/correlation.html Minium, E.W, King, B.M &Bear, G (1993). Correlation. Statistical Reasoning In Psychology and Education. John Wiley & son Inc. Canada. Oluwatayo, J.A(2007). Comparative Analysis of Students’ Performance in Chemistry in WAEC and NECO Senior School Certificate Examination International Journal of Research in Education 4(1&2)194-200

The Weekend Relationship

During the week there are hundreds of details that need tending to. There are things to do, people to see, places to go. So its not surprising that romance naturally falls to the back of the list of things to do. To many people, romance is a treat that is to be savored only on special occasions; or whenever it feels like we deserve it, usually after denying ourselves of it in favor of a lot of hard work.

As satisfying and renewing as romantic relationships are, we are still not quite at the place to see them as part of a healthy lifestyle. Even though there is a lot of hard scientific evidence to support making romance a healthy part of every day, many people leave it to the weekends to partake of their special treat.

Couples who dont live to together may only have the weekends to see each other or spend any real quality time to together. But even married couples, and couples who live together, put their romance off until Friday after work. This may seem okay to a certain extent, but given the fact that there are other things that need to be done on the weekends, that didnt get done during the week, it might be difficult to give yourself permission to do nothing but take some private time doing nothing but enjoying another persons company. But if there isnt some time and attention given to it, a relationship will suffer. It may suffer in silence for a while, but it will suffer just the same.

If you are at the point that you dont think you have time, even on the weekends, to dedicate to keeping your love alive, its time for you to drop some things off your schedule and make some time. Weekends are a good place to start. At first it will seem like just another task for the week, but it will soon be far from feeling like work. All it takes is some planning and organization. In the same time you could compile a grocery list, you can make a list of things to do that will nourish your relationship.

Start making plans for your weekend on Monday morning. Not only will it give you a good head start on the weekend, but it will give you something to look forward to all week. It also makes it less possible to cancel your plans if you have them all mapped out, and have been doing things all week to get ready for them.

Making time for love can be as simple as putting a load of laundry in after work every day so it isnt piled up to the ceiling by Friday night. Its also a good idea to do grocery shopping on Thursday instead of Saturday or Sunday, so its out of the way. It also helps to do errands on Friday after work so that there will be no real need to even go out of the house on the weekend if you dont want to.

There a lot of ways to structure lifes details so that they do not take over all the good things in life that really should be the rule, and not the exception; its just a matter of doing them. With enough practice you could even learn to include a few week days into your weekend romance.

The Grecian Ideal Body (and How To Get It)

Many people have heard the term, “a body like a Greek god,” but never really thought about what this means. What exactly was the Grecian ideal body?

Contrary to what some might think, the Grecian ideal body was not a bodybuilding physique. The perfect body was not massive and “ripped” like Mr. Universe. Looking at Greek statues, one can see that the Grecian ideal body looked like a swimmer’s or a boxer’s body.

The most important thing about the Grecian ideal physique is that everything is in perfect proportion. The shoulders should be considerably wider than the waistline, for instance. And the arms, neck and calves should be similar in size. There’s also a relationship between the size of the thighs and the neck, and so on.

Many modern bodybuilders have certainly got very impressive and strong physiques, but they are too big to have the Grecian ideal body. The proportions just don’t match.

So how do you get the Grecian ideal physique? Well, if you want a body like a statue, you should start to think like a sculptor! Instead of hammers, chisels, rasps and sandpaper, you will use weights, cardio and nutrition as your tools.

The concept of phasing is very important. When a sculptor makes a statue, does he do exactly the same kind of work on it for months on end? Of course not. He uses a whole range of tools and techniques, each one at the correct time. He starts by carving out the basic form from a chunk of stone, then he adds details, and finally he polishes it.

To get the Grecian ideal body, you should phase your training in a similar way. The first stage is to develop your basic V-shape, in other words wide shoulders and narrow waist. Once that is achieved, start paying more attention to details like individual body parts. And once all your parts match the ideal proportions, you should switch your focus to increasing definition and putting the finishing touches on your body. When you have finished, your body will shine just like a polished statue.

A mistake many people make is they jump into the final phase too soon. They try polishing their body with so-called “toning” and “defining” exercises before they have even got the basic shape right. That would be like a sculptor trying to turn a block of stone into a finished statue using only sandpaper. Would it ever work? I doubt it. But even if it did work, it would take a lot longer than if he had gone about it the right way.

Wife swapping India getting popular in the adult dating sites

Are you new to the world of dating in India? Well, you need to be careful as the industry is treading in several zones that might make you feel, shocking, disgusting or absurd. For example, wife swapping India may sound like downright bizarre, but the fact is that many people are getting inclined towards such services. There are several online adult dating websites that are offering such wife swapping services because numerous people are finding it great fun and an exciting way to make life enjoyable.

There are some couples that seek other couples for experiencing different sexual pleasure. Therefore, the industry of dating in India is gradually introducing services of adult swingers who offer sexual pleasure by exchanging partners. There are several adult dating sites that offer swinger services like wife swapping India. It depends on the couples whether they want to involve in a sexual act with the swingers or want to go full wife swapping.

A certain trend is being noticed nowadays where using wife swapping India services is considered as a part of lifestyle by some people. They consider it cool and a great source of fun by swapping wives and engaging into kinky sexual activities. The industry of dating in India is slowly waking up to this concept by providing a platform for such interested people who want to engage into wife swapping. This trend and lifestyle are quite popular in Australia and now slowly it is picking up in the conservative land like India.

There are many sex swingers working as online dating professionals. They can offer services according to various demands such as dual, trio, combination of four or group sex with more partners. There are particular services for gay or lesbian group sex as well. In fact, newlywed couples are also taking part in such type of dating in India. They are entering into swinger lifestyle by becoming member of the online dating sites that offer wife swapping India services.

If you are interested to try wife swapping India then you need to join a club of swingers that offer such services. You can find such clubs and membership opportunities in several adult online dating sites as well. Enter into this field only if you are 100% sure. The culture of dating in India is going through a massive change and wife swapping is one of the prominent examples of such a change.

However you must be sure that you are using a reliable website that offers such services. You will definitely want to keep your information secret and hence it is essential that you make sure that the site is genuine. Once you sign up with such a website, then you will find several other couples who are also interested in similar activities. Search for the ideal partners until you find the best suitable option.

Are you considering into entering the field of wife swapping India? There are several online dating sites that offer such services. We can help you with what you want and also reveal secrets about this new type of dating in India.

Save Your Relationship – Measure Of Giving And Taking

Try evaluating your own relationship. Can you identify a balance of 50-50 give and take in the relationship? If you can’t, you should start making the unavoidable changes in order to save your relationship. Take the first step by learning how to maintain your relationship with a balance of give and take.

First, let me tell you the truth. It is impossible to say whether your partnership is definitively equal because it is all about your perception. As such, to succeed in saving your relationship, you need to be objective.

You need to be able to gauge objectively how much love your partner and yourself is putting in to maintain the relationship.

Money foregone can be use to measure sacrifice towards a relationship but it is not a correct and useful gauge. In fact, it is a dangerous form of measurement. One should avoid using money to measure love.

Likewise the really important rewards of being in a relationship can only be assessed by the individuals concerned.

Couples will feel loved from the relationship when there is a balance of give and take. There are no considerations about why your partner is giving you less attention than you have given him/her.

There will be resentment in a relationship if there is a large imbalance of give and take. You will begin to feel that your contribution is not recognized and appreciated by your partner.

Usually, most relationships started out with the imbalance of sacrifice and couples who are unaware will only find out about the problem when the sacrificing partner decides to leave.

There are people who are more likely to sacrifice than others and also people who only think about themselves. Thus, never let your relationship be in such situation.

There are times when couples have to make sacrifices in terms of hobbies, interests and emotional ties so as to build a lasting relationship. All of us will give up other relationships toward the one and only special one. Both partners have to work to find ways to relate to one another and grow within that relationship.

Setting aside some time to reflect the daily actions done by your partner and show appreciation can assist to strike a balance of give and take. If you are the giving party, communicate to your partner on your feelings so that he/she will understand and start to appreciate what you have done.

Do you think you are a give or taker? Do you think your partner is a person who take or give more? If you think that you are the one who is always giving to your partner and you feel that you should be treated better, you can save the relationship by bringing up this basic principle to your partner.